Fuente de la fotografía: Archivo Histórico del PRI
EDITOR’S NOTE: An
earlier version of this post said that Mexico was ranked as Latin America’s
most corrupt country by Transparency International, which was incorrect. The
article has been corrected to reflect Mexico’s ranking on the corruption list.
Alarming levels of
corruption in government, the judiciary and law-enforcement, earned Mexico the
2013 title of one of the most corrupt countries in Latin America, according to
Transparency International, a global anti-corruption nonprofit group. Mexico
ranks as slightly less corrupt than Venezuela, Paraguay and a number of Central
American brethren. small number of Central American countries. Mexico shares
its rank with Argentina.
In the group’sGlobal
Corruption Barometer of 2013, released
in July, Mexico’s political parties,
police, legislature and judiciary were perceived as the most corrupt, with 91%,
90%, 83% and 80% negative views on corruption.
The report, which is based on a survey of 114,000 people in 107 countries, offers a
warning that the abuse of power, secret dealings and bribery continue to ravage
societies around the world. In Mexico
corruption cases are rarely prosecuted.
A serious drag on
Mexico’s development and a significant obstacle to Mexico achieving a
functional democracy, corruption has long been a part of the country’s
political culture. Carlos Hank González, the deceased founder of the powerful
Grupo Atlacamulco, which masterminded Enrique Peña Nieto’s run for president,
once said: “A politician that is poor is a poor politician.” For many Mexican
politicians, his motto became the Bible.
The following is a
list of the 10 Mexicans perceived to be the
most corrupt in 2013. I appreciate the input received from colleagues
and academics during the process of compiling this list.
Elba Esther Gordillo Former teacher’s union leader known
as La Maestra(the Teacher) was charged in February with embezzling $200 million
from union funds to pay for her lavish lifestyle. She is notorious for her
$5,000 Hermes bags and expensive plastic surgeries in California clinics. Three
residences connected to Gordillo have been identified in California. The main
one, where the now jailed teacher spent most of her time, is a $4.7 million
house on a cul-de-sac in Coronado Cays that features a private dock with a boat
and jet ski.
Carlos Romero Deschamps is the powerful Pemex workers union
leader and one of the most notorious PRI members long suspected of
influence-peddling for personal enrichment. Paulina Romero, his daughter,
displays onFacebook her travels around the world in private jets –accompanied
by her three English bulldogs Keiko, Boli and Morgancita– her voyages on yachts, dining in first class
restaurants and sporting $12,000 Hermes luxury bags. Her brother drives a $2
million limited edition red Enzo Ferrari sport car, a gift from their father,
whose trade union monthly salary is $1,864. Romero Deschamps, a federal
senator, is reported to have a “cottage” in Cancun with a value close to $1.5
million. According to political analyst Denise Dresser, in 2011 he received
$21.6 million for “aid to the union executive committee” and $15.3 million from
union dues. My “hands are clean,” Romero Deschamps claims. The Peña Nieto
administration seems to agree. He is not under investigation.
Raúl Salinas de Gortari is largely responsible for
destroying his brother Carlos Salinas de Gortari’s presidential legacy by
becoming a symbol of corruption and impunity. Raúl spent ten years in jail convicted
of a high-profile political homicide, but was acquitted in 2005. In July, a
Mexican judgeexonerated him on the final charge pending against him of
“unlawful enrichment” and ordered $19 million dollars deposited in twelve bank
accounts and 41 properties be returned to him. The decisionoutraged Mexicans.
It was perceived as one more proof of abuse of power by Mexican elites.
Genaro García Luna was the powerful Secretary of Public Security
(SSP) under the Calderón Administration. With the biggest budget assigned to
his department and a blank check from Calderón, García Luna was the most feared
cabinet member. His tenure was marked by an excess of spending for
self-promotion and abuse of power scandals exposed by the Mexican press. In her
book Narcoland: The Mexican Drug Lords and their Godfathers, award-winning
journalist Anabel Hernandez links García Luna with the country’s top drug
capos, including Joaquín “El Chapo” Guzman, leader of the Sinaloa Cartel.
García Luna allegedly threatened to have Hernandez killed. In 2012, convicted
drug kingpin Edgar “La Barbie” Valdez Villareal claimed that García Luna had
been on the payroll of drug trafficking groups for ten years. The Peña Nieto
Administration dissolved the SSP. García Luna has not been seen since he left
office in 2012. He is believed to be living in Miami but reporters havenot been
able to find him. There is no known investigation against him in Mexico or the
U.S.
Andrés Granier, former PRI governor of Tabasco, was arrested
by Mexican federal law-enforcement in June on charges of corruption,
embezzlement, tax evasion and money laundering. In a taped conversation leaked
to the media, Granier bragged about owning 400 pairs of shoes, 300 suits and
1,000 shirts, bought from luxury stores in New York and Los Angeles. His yearly
salary as governor was $92,000. His successor discovered that $190 million was
missing from state coffers. He was also indicted by the Tabasco authorities. He
denies any wrongdoing.
Tomás Yarrington is a former PRI governor of Tamaulipas. He was
indicted in early December on racketeering and money laundering charges in
Texas. Yarrington allegedly took large bribes from major drug trafficking
groups in Tamaulipas, including the Gulf Cartel, in return for letting them
operate freely during his administration (1999-2004). Yarrington’s lawyers say
that the charges are based on false accusations by people trying to bargain
with U.S. prosecutors. The U.S. has not asked Mexico for his arrest and
extradition. His whereabouts are unknown.
Humberto Moreira is the former PRI governor of Coahuila state.
During his administration (2005-2011), the debt of the state increased more
than a hundred-fold, from around $200 million to $35 billion, creating the
state’s worst financial crisis in history. The debt scandal forced Moreira’s
resignation. Jorge Torres López, who took over as an interim governor, was
charged with conspiracy to launder money and other financial crimes in Texas in
November. Moreira has not been charged. He is living with his family in an
upscale neighborhood in Barcelona, Spain, while earning a masters degree.
Fidel Herrera, former PRI governor of Veracruz. Under his
administration (2004-2010) the Zeta cartel’s criminal activities thrived.
Allegations about his connections to the Zetas emerged during a trial in April
in Texas. An FBI agent testified that Francisco Colorado Cessa, a contractor
for Mexico’s state oil company Pemex, acted as an intermediary between Herrera
and a founding member of the Zetas. Colorado Cessa was convicted. Herrera
allegedly was bribed into allowing the Zetas to operate freely. Herrera has
denied the allegations and is not under investigation in Mexico. There are
unconfirmed reports that he may be sent as ambassador to Greece.
Arturo Montiel, former Mexico state PRI governor, uncle of
Peña Nieto and member of the Grupo Atlacamulco, is accused by French citizen
Maudi Versini, his former wife, of kidnapping their three children. Versini,
who has custody over the children, claims that justice has been manipulated by
her ex-husband to prevent her from seeing them. Montiel dropped out of the 2005
presidential race following allegations of millionaire mansions and bank
transactions in Mexico and France. He is not under investigation.
Alejandra Sota, former President Calderon’s spokesperson, is
being investigated by Mexican authorities for alleged embezzlement and
trafficking of influence. She is suspected of favoring friends and former
classmates with government contracts during the time she served as a top
government official. She is currently attending graduate school at
Harvard’s
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